Of the 35 European countries we cover, December carried the smallest share of the year's 2025 tourist nights in Croatia (1.0%), Greece (1.4%) and Montenegro (1.5%). It was the quietest month of the year in Iceland. In Japan, December was the quietest month in one of 47 prefectures. It was the busiest month in one Japanese prefecture.
How we picked the quieter places
For each country and prefecture, we took its 2025 nights at tourist accommodation and worked out what share fell in December. If a place's visitors were spread evenly, each month would carry 8.3% of its year. A share below that means December was quieter than that place's average month; above it, busier.12
This compares each place with itself, not places with each other: a low share is a quiet month for that place. For how each year looks in full, open the country or prefecture page.
Europe in December: all 35 countries, quietest share first
In 33 of the 35 countries, December carried less than an average month's share (8.3%) of 2025's tourist nights.1
| Country | Share of 2025 nights in December | Compared with an average month | Busiest month | Quietest month |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia | Below | August | January | |
| Greece | Below | August | January | |
| Montenegro | Below | August | January | |
| Cyprus | Below | August | January | |
| Albania | Below | August | February | |
| Bulgaria | Below | August | November | |
| Iceland | Below | July | December | |
| Italy | Below | August | November | |
| France | Below | August | November | |
| Norway | Below | July | January | |
| Slovenia | Below | August | November | |
| Türkiye | Below | August | February | |
| Denmark | Below | July | January | |
| Spain | Below | August | January | |
| Portugal | Below | August | January | |
| Netherlands | Below | August | February | |
| Sweden | Below | July | January | |
| Luxembourg | Below | July | January | |
| Romania | Below | August | March | |
| Liechtenstein | Below | August | November | |
| Germany | Below | August | January | |
| Malta | Below | August | January | |
| Slovakia | Below | August | March | |
| Czechia | Below | August | January | |
| Poland | Below | August | January | |
| Belgium | Below | July | January | |
| Hungary | Below | August | January | |
| Latvia | Below | July | February | |
| Lithuania | Below | July | January | |
| Serbia | Below | August | February | |
| Switzerland | Below | July | November | |
| Ireland | Below | August | January | |
| Estonia | Below | July | January | |
| Finland | Same, once rounded | July | April | |
| Austria | Above | August | November |
Where was December the quietest month of the year?
In 2025, December was the quietest month in one European country and one Japanese prefecture.12
Where was December the busiest month?
In 2025, December was the busiest month in one Japanese prefecture, and in none of our 35 European countries.12
- Tokyo (Japan): 9.1% of the year's nights
Japan in December: every prefecture
Japan's figures come from a sample survey, and the gaps between prefectures are often smaller than its sampling error, so we list the prefectures alphabetically rather than ranking them.3
Show all 47 prefectures' share of 2025 guest nights in December
| Prefecture | Share in December | Busiest month | Quietest month |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aichi | 8.7% | August | February |
| Akita | 6.2% | August | February |
| Aomori | 7.2% | August | January |
| Chiba | 8.6% | August | June |
| Ehime | 8.5% | August | June |
| Fukui | 7.7% | August | January |
| Fukuoka | 8.4% | October | January |
| Fukushima | 7.8% | August | January |
| Gifu | 7.5% | August | June |
| Gunma | 7.7% | August | April |
| Hiroshima | 8.1% | August | January |
| Hokkaido | 8.6% | August | April |
| Hyogo | 8.5% | August | February |
| Ibaraki | 8.4% | August | January |
| Ishikawa | 8.8% | November | January |
| Iwate | 7.2% | August | December |
| Kagawa | 7.9% | August | February |
| Kagoshima | 9.0% | November | June |
| Kanagawa | 9.6% | August | February |
| Kochi | 7.2% | August | January |
| Kumamoto | 8.6% | October | June |
| Kyoto | 8.3% | May | February |
| Mie | 8.5% | August | February |
| Miyagi | 8.4% | August | January |
| Miyazaki | 8.6% | August | June |
| Nagano | 7.5% | August | April |
| Nagasaki | 8.9% | August | January |
| Nara | 7.6% | May | January |
| Niigata | 7.7% | August | April |
| Oita | 9.0% | March | June |
| Okayama | 8.2% | August | January |
| Okinawa | 6.8% | August | January |
| Osaka | 7.8% | August | February |
| Saga | 8.1% | August | February |
| Saitama | 8.8% | August | February |
| Shiga | 7.9% | August | February |
| Shimane | 9.1% | August | February |
| Shizuoka | 8.7% | August | June |
| Tochigi | 7.6% | August | February |
| Tokushima | 7.8% | August | January |
| Tokyo | 9.1% | December | February |
| Tottori | 8.4% | August | February |
| Toyama | 7.2% | August | January |
| Wakayama | 7.5% | August | February |
| Yamagata | 7.3% | August | April |
| Yamaguchi | 8.2% | August | January |
| Yamanashi | 6.6% | August | February |
What is the weather like in December?
Of the 28 European capitals we have weather for, Nicosia has the highest average high in December (17.7 °C) and Oslo the lowest (0.9 °C), averaged over 1991–2020.4 We do not yet publish weather for Albania, Greece, Denmark, Portugal, Switzerland, Lithuania and Malta.
| Station city (country) | Average high | Average low | Rain | Rainy days |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicosia (Cyprus) | 17.7 °C | 7.3 °C | 64 mm | 24.6 days |
| Rome (Italy) | 12.7 °C | 4.7 °C | 98 mm | 9.4 days |
| Podgorica (Montenegro) | 11.8 °C | 3.5 °C | 232 mm | 11.6 days |
| Madrid (Spain) | 10.4 °C | 3.7 °C | 42 mm | 5.9 days |
| Dublin (Ireland) | 8.3 °C | 2.6 °C | 72 mm | 13.3 days |
| Paris (France) | 8.0 °C | 3.8 °C | 62 mm | 11.4 days |
| Amsterdam (Netherlands) | 6.9 °C | 1.9 °C | 82 mm | 14.1 days |
| Ankara (Türkiye) | 6.7 °C | −0.3 °C | 43 mm | 7.8 days |
| Brussels (Belgium) | 6.6 °C | 2.1 °C | 87 mm | 13.8 days |
| Belgrade (Serbia) | 6.1 °C | 0.5 °C | 55 mm | 8.2 days |
| Vaduz (Liechtenstein) | 5.5 °C | −1.1 °C | 59 mm | 8.9 days |
| Zagreb (Croatia) | 5.3 °C | −1.1 °C | 62 mm | 7.8 days |
| Budapest (Hungary) | 5.1 °C | −0.2 °C | 38 mm | 6.8 days |
| Sofia (Bulgaria) | 4.6 °C | −2.4 °C | 40 mm | 7.0 days |
| Luxembourg (Luxembourg) | 4.5 °C | 0.0 °C | 90 mm | 13.1 days |
| Ljubljana (Slovenia) | 4.2 °C | −0.9 °C | 104 mm | 8.7 days |
| Bucharest (Romania) | 4.2 °C | −3.3 °C | 47 mm | 6.7 days |
| Berlin (Germany) | 4.2 °C | −0.4 °C | 46 mm | 16.7 days |
| Vienna (Austria) | 4.0 °C | −0.4 °C | 47 mm | 8.6 days |
| Prague (Czechia) | 3.5 °C | −1.2 °C | 28 mm | 7.0 days |
| Reykjavik (Iceland) | 3.3 °C | −1.6 °C | 95 mm | 14.6 days |
| Bratislava (Slovakia) | 2.9 °C | −1.7 °C | 53 mm | 9.2 days |
| Stockholm (Sweden) | 2.5 °C | −1.2 °C | 48 mm | 10.8 days |
| Warsaw (Poland) | 2.3 °C | −2.5 °C | 36 mm | 8.4 days |
| Riga (Latvia) | 1.4 °C | −2.4 °C | 50 mm | 11.0 days |
| Helsinki (Finland) | 1.4 °C | −2.9 °C | 58 mm | 11.3 days |
| Tallinn (Estonia) | 1.2 °C | −3.1 °C | 59 mm | 13.1 days |
| Oslo (Norway) | 0.9 °C | −3.7 °C | 54 mm | 10.0 days |
Show December weather for all 47 Japanese prefectures
| Prefecture (station) | Average high | Average low | Rain | Rainy days |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Okinawa (Naha (那覇)) | 21.5 °C | 16.8 °C | 110 mm | 9.3 days |
| Kagoshima (Kagoshima (鹿児島)) | 15.3 °C | 6.9 °C | 93 mm | 8.1 days |
| Miyazaki (Miyazaki (宮崎)) | 15.0 °C | 5.0 °C | 75 mm | 5.1 days |
| Kochi (Kochi (高知)) | 14.4 °C | 4.2 °C | 83 mm | 5.5 days |
| Shizuoka (Shizuoka (静岡)) | 14.1 °C | 4.6 °C | 81 mm | 5.4 days |
| Nagasaki (Nagasaki (長崎)) | 13.1 °C | 6.0 °C | 75 mm | 8.2 days |
| Oita (Oita (大分)) | 13.0 °C | 4.6 °C | 47 mm | 4.7 days |
| Kumamoto (Kumamoto (熊本)) | 12.9 °C | 3.4 °C | 61 mm | 6.9 days |
| Ehime (Matsuyama (松山)) | 12.6 °C | 4.8 °C | 62 mm | 7.5 days |
| Fukuoka (Fukuoka (福岡)) | 12.6 °C | 5.8 °C | 68 mm | 8.5 days |
| Wakayama (Wakayama (和歌山)) | 12.5 °C | 5.1 °C | 63 mm | 6.1 days |
| Tokushima (Tokushima (徳島)) | 12.5 °C | 5.2 °C | 64 mm | 5.4 days |
| Kanagawa (Yokohama (横浜)) | 12.5 °C | 5.2 °C | 66 mm | 5.5 days |
| Chiba (Chiba (千葉)) | 12.5 °C | 4.9 °C | 57 mm | 5.9 days |
| Saga (Saga (佐賀)) | 12.4 °C | 3.6 °C | 60 mm | 6.5 days |
| Osaka (Osaka (大阪)) | 12.3 °C | 5.3 °C | 56 mm | 6.1 days |
| Kagawa (Takamatsu (高松)) | 12.1 °C | 4.3 °C | 47 mm | 6.3 days |
| Hiroshima (Hiroshima (広島)) | 12.1 °C | 4.0 °C | 54 mm | 5.7 days |
| Mie (Tsu (津)) | 12.0 °C | 4.6 °C | 47 mm | 5.5 days |
| Hyogo (Kobe (神戸)) | 12.0 °C | 5.7 °C | 49 mm | 5.7 days |
| Tokyo (Tokyo (東京)) | 12.0 °C | 3.8 °C | 58 mm | 5.2 days |
| Okayama (Okayama (岡山)) | 11.7 °C | 2.1 °C | 42 mm | 5.0 days |
| Saitama (Saitama (さいたま)) | 11.7 °C | 1.2 °C | 45 mm | 4.4 days |
| Aichi (Nagoya (名古屋)) | 11.7 °C | 3.4 °C | 57 mm | 6.2 days |
| Nara (Nara (奈良)) | 11.6 °C | 3.0 °C | 57 mm | 6.6 days |
| Gifu (Gifu (岐阜)) | 11.6 °C | 3.0 °C | 74 mm | 8.2 days |
| Yamaguchi (Yamaguchi (山口)) | 11.6 °C | 2.0 °C | 70 mm | 9.3 days |
| Kyoto (Kyoto (京都)) | 11.6 °C | 3.5 °C | 57 mm | 6.6 days |
| Gunma (Maebashi (前橋)) | 11.5 °C | 1.9 °C | 24 mm | 3.3 days |
| Yamanashi (Kofu (甲府)) | 11.4 °C | 0.3 °C | 38 mm | 4.1 days |
| Ibaraki (Mito (水戸)) | 11.4 °C | 0.5 °C | 50 mm | 5.4 days |
| Shimane (Matsue (松江)) | 10.9 °C | 3.6 °C | 154 mm | 17.3 days |
| Tottori (Tottori (鳥取)) | 10.9 °C | 3.2 °C | 218 mm | 18.3 days |
| Tochigi (Utsunomiya (宇都宮)) | 10.8 °C | 0.2 °C | 38 mm | 4.1 days |
| Shiga (Otsu (大津)) | 10.5 °C | 2.8 °C | 60 mm | 7.5 days |
| Ishikawa (Kanazawa (金沢)) | 10.2 °C | 3.5 °C | 301 mm | 22.6 days |
| Fukui (Fukui (福井)) | 9.8 °C | 2.7 °C | 304 mm | 22.1 days |
| Toyama (Toyama (富山)) | 9.5 °C | 2.5 °C | 282 mm | 21.8 days |
| Niigata (Niigata (新潟)) | 8.7 °C | 2.4 °C | 226 mm | 21.5 days |
| Fukushima (Fukushima (福島)) | 8.6 °C | 0.7 °C | 49 mm | 8.1 days |
| Miyagi (Sendai (仙台)) | 8.3 °C | 0.9 °C | 44 mm | 5.6 days |
| Nagano (Nagano (長野)) | 6.9 °C | −1.5 °C | 49 mm | 8.9 days |
| Yamagata (Yamagata (山形)) | 6.1 °C | −0.7 °C | 97 mm | 15.2 days |
| Akita (Akita (秋田)) | 5.9 °C | 0.0 °C | 160 mm | 21.3 days |
| Aomori (Aomori (青森)) | 4.5 °C | −1.4 °C | 155 mm | 21.2 days |
| Iwate (Morioka (盛岡)) | 4.5 °C | −2.5 °C | 70 mm | 10.4 days |
| Hokkaido (Sapporo (札幌)) | 2.0 °C | −4.0 °C | 114 mm | 16.0 days |
Thirty-year averages from one weather station per country or prefecture: the same station its page uses. They describe a typical year at that station, not a forecast, and weather varies within every country. A rainy day is one with at least 1 mm of rain.
How warm is the sea in December?
Average sea surface temperature in December, 1991–2020, at the open-sea point nearest each weather station, where there is one within 30 km: 8 European capitals and 29 Japanese prefectures. It is open sea, not a beach reading.9 Every month, and how we chose the points.
| Station city (country) | Sea, December |
|---|---|
| Nicosia (Cyprus) | 18.9 °C |
| Rome (Italy) | 16.3 °C |
| Dublin (Ireland) | 10.6 °C |
| Amsterdam (Netherlands) | 8.2 °C |
| Reykjavik (Iceland) | 5.8 °C |
| Riga (Latvia) | 4.8 °C |
| Tallinn (Estonia) | 4.5 °C |
| Helsinki (Finland) | 4.2 °C |
Show December sea temperatures for 29 Japanese prefectures
| Station city (prefecture) | Sea, December |
|---|---|
| Naha (Okinawa) | 23.9 °C |
| Miyazaki (Miyazaki) | 21.3 °C |
| Kagoshima (Kagoshima) | 20.6 °C |
| Kochi (Kochi) | 20.0 °C |
| Nagasaki (Nagasaki) | 18.7 °C |
| Shizuoka (Shizuoka) | 18.3 °C |
| Fukuoka (Fukuoka) | 17.9 °C |
| Wakayama (Wakayama) | 17.9 °C |
| Oita (Oita) | 17.8 °C |
| Matsuyama (Ehime) | 17.3 °C |
| Tokushima (Tokushima) | 17.3 °C |
| Kobe (Hyogo) | 16.7 °C |
| Yokohama (Kanagawa) | 16.7 °C |
| Kumamoto (Kumamoto) | 16.7 °C |
| Tsu (Mie) | 16.7 °C |
| Matsue (Shimane) | 16.7 °C |
| Osaka (Osaka) | 16.6 °C |
| Saga (Saga) | 16.6 °C |
| Mito (Ibaraki) | 16.4 °C |
| Tottori (Tottori) | 16.3 °C |
| Chiba (Chiba) | 16.0 °C |
| Tokyo (Tokyo) | 16.0 °C |
| Fukui (Fukui) | 15.9 °C |
| Kanazawa (Ishikawa) | 15.7 °C |
| Toyama (Toyama) | 15.6 °C |
| Niigata (Niigata) | 15.1 °C |
| Akita (Akita) | 14.1 °C |
| Sendai (Miyagi) | 13.8 °C |
| Aomori (Aomori) | 12.3 °C |
Which public holidays fall in December 2026 and 2027?
These are the national holiday lists we publish for 33 European countries and Japan, copied from each country's page. Regional holidays, such as those of Germany's states or Spain's regions, are on the country pages. Spain's 2027 list and some 2027 dates elsewhere are not published yet. What each list covers differs; see the notes for each country.56
December 2026
| Date | Holiday | Where |
|---|---|---|
| Tue 1 December | 1 December | Portugal, Romania |
| Sun 6 December | Independence Day | Finland |
| Tue 8 December | 8 December | Portugal |
| Tue 8 December | Feast of the Immaculate Conception | Malta |
| Tue 8 December | Immaculate Conception | Austria, Italy, Liechtenstein |
| Tue 8 December | Inmaculada Concepción | Spain |
| Tue 8 December | National Youth Day | Albania |
| Sun 13 December | Republic Day | Malta |
| Thu 24 December | Christmas Eve | Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia |
| Fri 25 December | 25 December | Hungary, Portugal |
| Fri 25 December | Christmas Day | Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden |
| Fri 25 December | Natividad del Señor | Spain |
| Sat 26 December | 26 December | Greece, Hungary, Italy |
| Sat 26 December | Boxing Day | Sweden |
| Sat 26 December | Independence and Unity Day | Slovenia |
| Sat 26 December | Second day of Christmas | Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia |
| Sat 26 December | St Stephen's Day | Austria, Croatia, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg |
| Thu 31 December | New Year's Eve | Latvia |
December 2027
| Date | Holiday | Where |
|---|---|---|
| Wed 1 December | 1 December | Portugal, Romania |
| Mon 6 December | Independence Day | Finland |
| Wed 8 December | 8 December | Portugal |
| Wed 8 December | Feast of the Immaculate Conception | Malta |
| Wed 8 December | Immaculate Conception | Austria, Italy, Liechtenstein |
| Mon 13 December | Republic Day | Malta |
| Fri 24 December | Christmas Eve | Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia |
| Sat 25 December | 25 December | Hungary, Portugal |
| Sat 25 December | Christmas Day | Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden |
| Sun 26 December | 26 December | Greece, Hungary, Italy |
| Sun 26 December | Boxing Day | Sweden |
| Sun 26 December | Independence and Unity Day | Slovenia |
| Sun 26 December | Second day of Christmas | Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia |
| Sun 26 December | St Stephen's Day | Austria, Croatia, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg |
| Fri 31 December | New Year's Eve | Latvia |
See every month in the holiday calendar, with school holidays too.
Blossom, autumn leaves and typhoons in Japan in December
Maple leaves usually turn red in December at the stations for 17 prefectures: Fukuoka (around 1 December), Hyogo (around 1 December), Osaka (around 1 December), Saitama (around 1 December), Kochi (around 2 December), Kumamoto (around 2 December), Miyazaki (around 4 December), Ehime (around 5 December), Kyoto (around 5 December), Shizuoka (around 5 December), Wakayama (around 6 December), Yamaguchi (around 6 December), Nagasaki (around 7 December), Gunma (around 8 December), Chiba (around 12 December), Kanagawa (around 14 December) and Kagoshima (around 15 December).7
Over 1991–2020, an average of 0.1 typhoons came within 300 km of a JMA weather station somewhere in Japan in December.8 Typhoons by region and month.
These are the Japan Meteorological Agency's 1991–2020 averages at one station per prefecture; each year's dates differ. See cherry blossom dates and autumn leaf dates for every prefecture.
What these figures cannot tell you
- A share of each place's own year, not a crowd count. A low share means that month was quiet for that place. It does not mean the place had fewer visitors than somewhere else, and a small country's busy month can still be far quieter than a big country's quiet one.
- Nights, not queues. A national or prefecture total cannot show crowding at one sight, beach or old town. Day trips do not count at all, because nobody stays the night.
- One year. These are 2025 figures. Another year can differ, for example when Easter moves between March and April.
- Japan's figures are a sample survey. The gaps between neighbouring prefectures are often smaller than the survey's sampling error, so we do not rank prefectures against each other.
- No causes. Weather and holidays sit next to the tourism figures here, but the figures do not show that either makes a month busier or quieter, so we do not say they do.
- We have not been to these places and make no judgement about which is better to visit.
Other months: January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November. Or open December in Explore.
Key takeaways
- Lowest share of 2025 tourist nights in December, in Europe: Croatia (1.0%), Greece (1.4%) and Montenegro (1.5%).
- December was the quietest month of the year in two of our 82 places.
- December was the busiest month in one of them.
- What we would skip: reading a low share as a promise of empty streets. It says December was quiet for that country or prefecture as a whole, not at any one sight.
Sources
The tourism figures come from Eurostat and the Japan Tourism Agency; the weather from the World Meteorological Organization's normals (via NOAA), MeteoSwiss and the Japan Meteorological Agency; blossom and typhoon averages from the Japan Meteorological Agency; and holidays from each country's law or official list. We copied every figure from the country and prefecture pages linked here. See how we research.
- Source: Eurostat, Nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments – monthly data, doi:10.2908/TOUR_OCC_NIM, accessed 25 September 2026. Dataset last updated by Eurostat on 22 September 2026. Extract: number of nights, NACE codes I55.1–I55.3, all guests and split by guests resident in the country and abroad, January–December 2025.
- Source: 「宿泊旅行統計調査」（観光庁） (Overnight Travel Statistics Survey, Japan Tourism Agency), 2025 annual figures (final), tables 2 and 8 and reference table 1, published 6 July 2026. Survey page · workbook. Accessed 17 September 2026. Licensed under the Public Data License 1.0 (PDL1.0).
- Japan Tourism Agency, survey outline (調査の概要), glossary (用語の解説) and standard error rates (参考1), on coverage, sampling, the definition of a foreign guest and the January 2026 change of method. Read them. Checked 17 September 2026.
- Weather: WMO Member Nations (2023). WMO Climatological Standard Normals for 1991-2020 (NCEI Accession 0253808), the station named for each country in the table (the same station its country page uses), mean daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and number of days with at least 1 mm of precipitation, normals computed from at least 24 years. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. doi:10.25921/800j-vn07. Accessed 22 September 2026. Released by NOAA under CC0. Weather in Japan: 出典：気象庁ホームページ（過去の気象データ検索）. Japan Meteorological Agency, 1991–2020 normals for the station named for each prefecture (the same station its prefecture page uses, where the page links the station's own table): daily maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and days with at least 1.0 mm of precipitation (降水量の階級日数). Accessed 22 September 2026. Licensed under PDL1.0. 気象庁「平年値」を加工して作成 — edited by Gallivanting Gadabout (English wording, selection and rounding). Liechtenstein: Source: MeteoSwiss. Climate normals 1991–2020, station Vaduz: mean maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation total, days with at least 1 mm of precipitation and sunshine duration. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, open data (opendata.swiss: Klimanormwerte). Accessed 23 September 2026. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. MeteoSwiss does not endorse this site or how the data is used here.
- Public holidays in Europe: each country's own law or official list, cited in full on its page: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye. We copied the dates from those pages.
- Holidays: 出典：「国民の祝日について」（内閣府）（https://www8.cao.go.jp/chosei/shukujitsu/gaiyou.html）, with the holiday list 「昭和30年（1955年）から令和9年（2027年）国民の祝日」 (CSV). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan: national holidays and public holidays, 2025–2027. Accessed 22 September 2026. Licensed under the Public Data License 1.0 (PDL1.0). 「国民の祝日について」（内閣府）を加工して作成 — edited by Gallivanting Gadabout (English wording, weekdays and selection). Holiday names: 出典：日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム（法務省）（https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/4846/tb）. Ministry of Justice, Japan, Japanese Law Translation, Act on National Holidays (Act No. 178 of 1948, last version Act No. 57 of 2018), articles 2 and 3, English translation. Accessed 22 September 2026. Licensed under PDL1.0. The translation is not an official text; only the Japanese original has legal effect.
- Cherry blossom and autumn leaves: 出典：気象庁ホームページ（生物季節観測の情報）: さくらの開花日・満開日 and 生物季節観測累年値ファイル (さくらの開花, さくらの満開, かえでの紅葉), 平年値 1991–2020. Japan Meteorological Agency. Accessed 22 September 2026. Licensed under PDL1.0. 「生物季節観測の情報」（気象庁）を加工して作成 — edited by Gallivanting Gadabout (English wording, date format and selection).
- Typhoons: 出典：気象庁ホームページ（台風の平年値）, with the regions in 「気象庁が天気予報等で用いる予報用語」（地域名）. Japan Meteorological Agency, typhoon approach and landfall normals, 1991–2020. Accessed 22 September 2026. Licensed under PDL1.0. 「台風の平年値」（気象庁）を加工して作成 — edited by Gallivanting Gadabout (English wording and selection).
- Sea temperature: NOAA Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) v2.1, 0.25° grid, monthly long-term mean 1991–2020 (file sst.mon.ltm.1991-2020.nc). Data provided by the NOAA/OAR/PSL, Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at https://psl.noaa.gov/. Huang, B., C. Liu, V. Banzon, E. Freeman, G. Graham, B. Hankins, T. Smith and H.-M. Zhang (2021), Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1, Journal of Climate 34, 2923–2939, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.1. Dataset page. Accessed 24 September 2026. Public domain (NOAA PSL disclaimer). The choice of grid cell and the rounding are ours; these are not official NOAA figures, and NOAA does not endorse this site.
Modified data. The monthly shares, orderings and comparisons are our own calculations from Eurostat's counts and the Japan Tourism Agency's figures (「宿泊旅行統計調査」（観光庁）を加工して作成). Percentages are rounded to one decimal place. Neither body is responsible for these calculations or for how the figures are presented here.